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Good calf health is crucial for a successfully operating farm business and animal welfare on dairy farms. To evaluate calf health on farms and to identify potential problem areas, benchmarking tools can be used by farmers, herd managers, veterinarians, and other advisory persons in the field. However, for calves, benchmarking tools are not yet widely established in practice. This study provides hands-on application for on-farm benchmarking of calf health. At herd level, omphalitis O, median Abnormal weight bearing AWB was rarely detected median, 0.

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We extend the concept of accessibility in temporal networks to model infections with a finite infectious period such as the susceptible-infected-recovered SIR model. This approach is entirely based on elementary matrix operations and unifies the disease and network dynamics within one algebraic framework. We demonstrate the potential of this formalism for three examples of networks with high temporal resolution: networks of social contacts, sexual contacts, and livestock-trade. Our investigations provide a new methodological framework that can be used, for instance, to estimate the epidemic threshold, a quantity that determines disease parameters, for which a large-scale outbreak can be expected. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Gethmann fli. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Networks are one of the most important ways to represent a finite set of elements with complex interaction patterns. As vast amount of data becomes publicly available, the analysis of complex networks plays an ever increasing role throughout different areas such as computer science, physics, social science and biology. Well known applications are the analysis of the World Wide Web [ 1 ], scientific collaborations [ 2 ] and protein interaction networks [ 3 ] to name only a few. It has become important to not only analyse network structures using graph theoretical tools, but to conduct numerical experiments [ 4 , 5 ]. This approach has led to numerous advances in epidemiological modelling, because it allowed to analyse the impact of the topology on the dynamics of infections [ 6 , 7 ].

In this paper we will identify the critical contacts [ SI ] directly from the temporal network, www.hi-tier.de.

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The authors of Schirdewahn et al. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study. Table 4 Properties of pig growing phase, each phase takes l weeks. We conceptualize the chain as consisting of four farm types whereby every farm type is specialized in one of the following steps: piglet production, raising, fattening, and slaughterhouse. This approach is motivated by the effective medium theory, which predicts a linear behaviour above the critical value [ 42 ]. Regarding the pig production chain, the valid set of movements are those from breeding farms to fattening farms and from fattening farms to slaughterhouses. Epidemiology of classical swine fever in Germany in the s. This value can be related to the well known basic reproduction number R 0 , which has been applied only recently to temporal networks, using an alternative method [ 37 ]. Role of animal movement and indirect contact among farms in transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. This approach has led to numerous advances in epidemiological modelling, because it allowed to analyse the impact of the topology on the dynamics of infections [ 6 , 7 ]. One special characteristic of the pig trade network is that it is highly determined by the underlying pork production chain which is shown schematically in Figure 2. Introduction The most common disorders in preweaned dairy calves are diarrhea, respiratory disease, and omphalitis 1. Reaction-diffusion processes and metapopulation models in heterogeneous networks.

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Prevalence, incidence and cumulative incidence for the livestock-trade network. Overall, the median age at weaning was 11 IQR: 10—12 weeks of life. Enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in Norwegian dairy calves. HL and JF: data collection. Efficient interruption of infection chains by targeted removal of central holdings in an animal trade network. The authors of Schirdewahn et al. This is particularly interesting because in the literature, diarrhea D and respiratory diseases RD are discussed as the main causes of calf disorders. Figure 4. A Novel Node Centrality Measure Related to Disease Spreading In recent years, numerous measures have been proposed to quantify how important a node in a network is for different aspects. Our results show that our algorithm produces data that strongly resemble the real data in terms of these criteria. Risk factors for human disease emergence. The average length of undirected paths between any two nodes in the network for the real network is 5.