Histone acetylation

Histone acetylation is highly conserved across eukaryotes and has been linked to gene activation since its discovery nearly 60 years ago. Over the past decades, histone acetylation has been evidenced to play crucial roles in plant development and response to various environmental cues. In this review, histone acetylation, we briefly describe the discovery of histone acetylation, the mechanism of histone acetylation regulating transcription in yeast and mammals, and summarize the research progress of plant histone acetylation. Furthermore, we also emphasize the effect of histone acetylation on seed development and its histone acetylation use in plant breeding.

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology volume 18 , Article number: 84 Cite this article. Metrics details. Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that changes chromatin architecture and regulates gene expression by opening or closing the chromatin structure. It plays an essential role in cell cycle progression and differentiation. The human endometrium goes through cycles of regeneration, proliferation, differentiation, and degradation each month; each phase requiring strict epigenetic regulation for the proper functioning of the endometrium.

Histone acetylation

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Atherosclerosis, which is the most common chronic disease of the coronary artery, constitutes a vascular pathology induced by inflammation and plaque accumulation within arterial vessel walls. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications are epigenetic changes relevant for atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that the DNA methylation and histone modification systems are closely interrelated and mechanically dependent on each other. Herein, we explore the functional linkage between these systems, with a particular emphasis on several recent findings suggesting that histone acetylation can help in targeting DNA methylation and that DNA methylation may control gene expression during atherosclerosis. Coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of death globally. Atherosclerosis is the most common chronic disease of the coronary artery. It is characterized by the adherence of cells circulating in the blood to the endothelium, migration to the sub-endothelial layer, and differentiation into macrophages. It is a process by which inflammation, fibrous proliferation, and plaque build-up occur in the arterial wall. Inflammation is the main process underlying atherosclerosis, which is associated with cell-to-cell interactions involving multiple cell types, including endothelial cells, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells SMCs. In response to these stimuli, vascular endothelial cells—the cells composing the inner lining of blood vessels—become activated and recruit monocytes from the circulation. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages upon entering the vascular wall, and following the uptake of lipids, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein oxLDL , can further differentiate into foam cells, which are retained underneath the endothelial layer. Epigenetics plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression in development, in response to cellular stress or in disease states, in virtually all cell types. Epigenetic modifications are processes whereby a cell retains a memory of past cellular states and perturbations without altering the DNA sequence itself.

Matrix metalloproteinases MMPs disassemble extracellular components, and therefore are considered to be important enzymes in the disease process.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The organization of eukaryotic chromatin has a major impact on all nuclear processes involving DNA substrates. Gene expression is affected by the positioning of individual nucleosomes relative to regulatory sequence elements, by the folding of the nucleosomal fiber into higher-order structures and by the compartmentalization of functional domains within the nucleus. Because site-specific acetylation of nucleosomal histones influences all three aspects of chromatin organization, it is central to the switch between permissive and repressive chromatin structure.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Lysine acetylation is a widespread and versatile protein post-translational modification. Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases catalyse the addition or removal, respectively, of acetyl groups at both histone and non-histone targets. Histone acetylation and non-histone protein acetylation influence a myriad of cellular and physiological processes, including transcription, phase separation, autophagy, mitosis, differentiation and neural function.

Histone acetylation

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule in this case, acetyl coenzyme A to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule. Acetylated histones , octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes , the basic structural unit of the chromosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin.

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Correspondence to Yoo-Wook Kwon. During repair of DNA damages some individual repair events may alter the acetylations of histones at the sites of damage, or cause other epigenetic alterations, and thus leave an epigenetic scar on chromatin. Since histone acetylation is an essential post-transcription modulator, it is a basic requirement in stem cell functioning and works in coordination with DNA methylation activity. Lysine is an amino acid with a positive charge when unmodified. Epigenetic modifications work in conjunction with genetic regulation to determine cellular properties and functions. HDACs function in conjunction with other epigenetic modulators, regulating molecular modifications in the endometrium [ ]. There are several epigenetic modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, which all have distinct biological functions Fig. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. DNA methylation and control of gene expression in vertebrate development. Arabidopsis RPD3-like histone deacetylases form multiple complexes involved in stress response. In: Brosh JRM, editor. To obtain elite crop varieties, breeders need to understand the underlying drivers for the phenotypic diversity, which in many cases cannot be fully explained by genetic variation. Adelman K. Yeast histone H3 and H4 amino termini are important for nucleosome assembly in vivo and in vitro: redundant and position-independent functions in assembly but not in gene regulation.

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is tightly packed with the help of histone proteins into chromatin.

Another prominent example of a broad acetylation effect is provided by the dosage compensated male X chromosome in Drosophila Lucchesi, , where the acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 16 H4K16 by MOF Males absent on the First correlates with increased transcription of many genes throughout most of the male X chromosome Akhtar and Becker, ; Smith et al. Acetylation of the histone tails disrupts this association, leading to weaker binding of the nucleosomal components. Current Psychiatry Reports. J Plant Biol. Finally, comprehensive functional characterization of the writers, readers, and erasers of histone acetylation across various scenario such as reproductive development and stress tolerance in crops is essential for advancing breeding applications. Roth, S. Cell 72 , 73—84 In the late stage of atherosclerosis, apoptosis of SMCs and activation of metalloproteases cause plaque rupture, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The genomic DNA methylation status of peripheral lymphocytes in angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease CAD patients and control individuals was compared utilizing a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme. Bromodomains mediate an acetyl-histone encoded antisilencing function at heterochromatin boundaries. Trends Biochem Sci. Histone acetylation, commonly referring to lysine acetylation, undergoes rapid turnover in vivo. Download as PDF Printable version. J Immunol.