Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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Neuroendocrinology 1 July ; 94 1 : 12— Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH plays a key role in adjusting the basal and stress-activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA. CRH is also widely distributed in extrahypothalamic circuits, where it acts as a neuroregulator to integrate the complex neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral adaptive response to stress. This review describes the main physiological features of the CRH network and summarizes recent relevant information concerning the molecular mechanism of CRH action obtained from signal transduction studies using cells and wild-type and transgenic mice lines. Recent findings underpin the concept of specific CRH-signaling pathways restricted to specific anatomical areas. Understanding CRH action at molecular levels will not only provide insight into the precise CRH mechanism of action, but will also be instrumental in identifying novel targets for pharmacological intervention in neuroendocrine tissues and specific brain areas involved in CRH-related disorders.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH also known as corticotropin-releasing factor CRF or corticoliberin ; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin is a peptide hormone involved in stress responses. It is a releasing hormone that belongs to corticotropin-releasing factor family. In humans, it is encoded by the CRH gene. Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH is a amino acid peptide derived from a amino acid preprohormone. Increased CRH production has been observed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and major depression , [6] and autosomal recessive hypothalamic corticotropin deficiency has multiple and potentially fatal metabolic consequences including hypoglycemia. In addition to being produced in the hypothalamus, CRH is also synthesized in peripheral tissues, such as T lymphocytes , and is highly expressed in the placenta. In the placenta, CRH is a marker that determines the length of gestation and the timing of parturition and delivery. A rapid increase in circulating levels of CRH occurs at the onset of parturition , suggesting that, in addition to its metabolic functions, CRH may act as a trigger for parturition. A recombinant version for diagnostics is called corticorelin INN. CRH is produced in response to stress, predominantly by parvocellular neurosecretory cells within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and is released at the median eminence from neurosecretory terminals of these neurons into the primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. In the short term, CRH can suppress appetite , increase subjective feelings of anxiety , and perform other functions like boosting attention. Abnormally high levels of CRH have been found in people with major depression , [13] [6] and in the cerebrospinal fluid of people who have committed suicide. Corticotropin-releasing hormone has been shown to interact with its receptors corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 CRFR1 and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 CRFR2 in order to induce its effects. CRFR1 has been shown to exist at higher levels in the female nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and rostral anteroventral periventricular nucleus AVPV when compared to males, while male voles show increased levels of CRFR2 in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis compared to females.

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Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines CHM as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Language: English Russian. Stress is an essential part of everyday life. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH, also called CRF and corticoliberin plays a key role in the integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus PVN , the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Early neuroendocrine studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH , or corticotropin-releasing factor CRF , were focused on investigating its role in regulating the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis. In the following years, the characterization of CRH receptors and the availability of specific CRH agonists and antagonists have provided evidence that CRH plays a role in the regulation of several biological systems, as well as in reproduction, neuropsychiatric, gastrointestinal, and immune disorders and in the development of tumors. Further elucidation of the physiology of CRH will facilitate characterization of its role in human pathophysiology and exploit the potential of ligands for CRH receptors as novel therapeutic targets. With its sequence known, this neuropeptide was determined to be a hormone and consequently named corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH , although the term corticotropin-releasing factor CRF is still used and preferred in some circumstances. Several decades have passed since this seminal contribution that opened a new research era, expanding the understanding of the coding of stress-related processes. The characterization of CRH receptors, the availability of CRH agonists and antagonists, and advanced immunocytochemical staining techniques have provided evidence that CRH plays a role in the regulation of several biological systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge of this amino-acid peptide. CRH is derived from a amino-acid preprohormone and is present in the greatest abundance in parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nuclei, the axons of which project to median eminence.

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Interestingly, the prevalence of depression in women is several times greater than that in men Kessler et al. Synaptic physiology of central CRH system. Karger AG, Basel. In addition, the effects of CRHR2 activation appear to be dynamic and highly dependent on the amount of endogenous ligand and prior exposure. Involvement of stress-released corticotropin-releasing hormone in the basolateral amygdala in regulating memory consolidation. J Neuroimmunol. Kritas, S. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. Archived from the original on 27 June Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone; corticotrophin-releasing factor; corticotropin -releasing factor; corticoliberin; CRH; CRF. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus which, among other functions, releases hormones. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone has several important actions.

European Journal of Clinical Investigation. About Contact Outreach Opportunities News. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in immune-mediated cutaneous inflammatory disease. Kono J. Ethyleicosapentaenoate EPA has been used to treat depression, and such an activity likely originates from suppression of inflammation and upregulation of nerve growth factor NGF Song et al. CRH receptor 2 CRHR2 has been detected in more discrete brain regions including the lateral septum, ventromedial hypothalamus, and cortical nucleus of the amygdala. Gene ontology Molecular function. Students Teachers Patients Browse. Br J Dermatol. Psychiatry 82, —